Thursday, December 9, 2010
Bangladesh Professional: Taxation
Bangladesh Professional: Taxation: "Tax Rate (Assessment Year- 2010-2011) : Other than Company : For individuals (other than female taxpayers, senior taxpayers of 65 years a..."
Tuesday, December 7, 2010
Objective of internal audit
The role of internal auditor has expanded in recent years as internal auditors seek to monitor all aspects (not just accounting) of organization, and add value to their employee. The work of internal auditor still prescribed by the management but it may cover the following broad areas:
- Review the accounting and internal control system
- Examination of financial and operating information
- Review of the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of operations
- Review of compliance with laws, regulation and other external requirements with the policies and procedures
- Review of the safeguarding of assets
- Review of the implementation of corporate objectives
- Identification of significant business and financial risks, monitoring the organization risk management policies
- Special investigation into particular areas, for example suspected fraud
Internal Audit
Internal Audit
Internal audit is an appraisal or monitoring activity designed by the management and directors for the review of the accounting and internal control systems as a service to the entity. It functions by, amongst other things, examining, evaluating and reporting to management and the directors on the adequacy and effectiveness of the components of accounting and internal control system.
Why needed:
Internal audit departments are normally a feature of larger organization. The need for internal audit will depend on:
- The scale, diversity and complexity of company’s activities
- The number of employees
- Cost benefit considerations
- Changes in organizational structures, reporting process or underlying information systems
- Changes in key risks
- Problems with internal control systems
- An increase no of unexplained or unacceptable events
Example: Cynthia Cooper who was the vice president internal audit dept. of World Com and discovering the fact that billions of dollars of operating costs had been capitalized turning a $662 million loss into a $2.4 million profit in 2001.
Sunday, November 7, 2010
IAASB meeting was held on September 20-24, 2010 in St. Julian's, Malta.
IAASB Meetings
The most recent IAASB meeting was held on September 20-24, 2010 in St. Julian's, Malta.
In addition to the projects discussed in this eNews, the IAASB deliberated issues relating to the following projects:
The most recent IAASB meeting was held on September 20-24, 2010 in St. Julian's, Malta.
In addition to the projects discussed in this eNews, the IAASB deliberated issues relating to the following projects:
- Revision of International Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE) 3000, Assurance Engagements Other than Audits or Reviews of Historical Financial Statements
- Development of ISAE 3410, Assurance on a Greenhouse Gas Statement
- Revision of International Standard on Review Engagements (ISRE) 2400, Engagements to Review Financial Statements
- Revision of International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 720, The Auditor's Responsibilities Relating to Other Information in Documents Containing Audited Financial Statements
- Issues relating to the audit of financial statement disclosures
Sunday, October 24, 2010
Tuesday, October 5, 2010
ICAB New Curriculum
1/15/ICAB-2010 04 October 2010
CIRCULAR
In continuation of the Institute’s Circular of even number dated 28 March, 2010 regarding ICAB New Curriculum, the Council ICAB in its meeting held on 05 July & 19 July 2010 respectively resolved that the Examination Structure and Conversion Criteria as under would be followed by the examinees of ICAB:
Eligibility for examination after registration:
The students will be allowed to sit for the examination for the first time after 10(ten) months from the date of registration and this ten-month period will be counted from the date of registration up to the first day of May for the examination of May-June session and up to the first day of November for the examination of November-December session.
Clarification of Attempts
a. All the papers of Knowledge Level must be completed within 4 (four) years from the date of registration, or in 06 (six) consecutive attempts counting from the first eligible attempt of the student concerned, whichever is later. Here an available opportunity to sit for any or more or all papers of Knowledge Level examination will be considered to be an attempt irrespective of whether the student concerned actually avails the opportunity or not (i.e. whether he/she actually sits for the examination or not);
b. All the papers of Application Level must be completed within 3(three) years after the completion of Knowledge Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Knowledge Level); and
c. All the papers of Advanced Stage (Integration +Case Study) must be completed within 3(three) years after the completion of Application Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Application Level).
Old Stream Students
1. PE-I Level:
Students who: (i) have neither passed, nor got exemption from, any paper or half paper of PE-I level, or (ii) have either passed, or got exemption from, one or more full/half papers (but not all the papers) of PE-I level must complete:
a. All the relevant papers of Knowledge Level by November-December 2012 examination (inclusive);
b. All the relevant papers of Application Level within 3(three) years after the completion of Knowledge Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Knowledge Level); and
c. All the papers of Advanced Stage including Case Study within 3(three) years after the completion of Application Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Application Level).
2. PE-II Level:
Students who have passed PE-I, but: (i) have neither passed, nor got exemption from, any paper of PE-II Level, or (ii) have either passed, or got exemption from, one or more papers (but not all the papers) of PE-II Level must complete:
a. All the relevant papers of Knowledge Level by November-December 2013 examination (inclusive);
b. All the relevant papers of Application Level within 3(three) years after the completion of Knowledge Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Knowledge Level); and
c. All the papers of Advanced Stage including Case Study within 3 (three) years after the completion of Application Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Application Level).
3. PE-III Level:
Students who have passed PE-II, but: (i) have neither passed, nor got exemption from, any paper or half paper of PE-III Level, or (ii) have either passed, or got exemption from, one or more full/half papers (but not all the papers) of PE-III Level, and (iii) thus have not qualified as CA, must complete:
a. All the relevant papers of Knowledge Level and Application Level by May-June 2014 examination (inclusive); and
b. All the papers of Advanced Stage including Case Study within 3(three) years after the completion of Knowledge and Application Levels (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Knowledge and Application levels).
The above students will be allowed to sit for the relevant papers of both the Knowledge Level and Application Level examinations in the same session.
Note: Item No.1 will come into force immediately. Item No.2 & 3 will come into force immediately after the PE-II and PE-III level examinations are discontinued respectively.
Conversion Course
1. PE-I: Passed, or exempted from, Financial Accounting
Attend and successfully complete a conversion course on “Preparing Limited Company Accounts” (30 hours), organized by ICAB to obtain exemption from PS(K) Accounting.
2. PE-II: Passed Advanced Financial Accounting
Attend and successfully complete a conversion course on “Principal differences between IFRS and Bangladesh GAAP and most commonly applicable BAS/BFRS” (30 hours), organized by ICAB to obtain exemption from Financial Accounting.
Note: Students will be assessed by a combination of end-of-course test, attendance records and in-course test(s) by teachers. If on assessment a student does not pass, he/she will have to pass the re-sit test to be arranged within 02 months after the end-of-course test. Students who do not satisfactorily complete the course will have to sit the main paper(s) for which they were working to obtain exemption.
By order of the Council-ICAB
N I Chowdhury FCA
Secretary-ICAB
TO : ALL CA FIRMS
ALL NOTICE BOARDS OF ICAB
CIRCULAR
In continuation of the Institute’s Circular of even number dated 28 March, 2010 regarding ICAB New Curriculum, the Council ICAB in its meeting held on 05 July & 19 July 2010 respectively resolved that the Examination Structure and Conversion Criteria as under would be followed by the examinees of ICAB:
Eligibility for examination after registration:
The students will be allowed to sit for the examination for the first time after 10(ten) months from the date of registration and this ten-month period will be counted from the date of registration up to the first day of May for the examination of May-June session and up to the first day of November for the examination of November-December session.
Clarification of Attempts
a. All the papers of Knowledge Level must be completed within 4 (four) years from the date of registration, or in 06 (six) consecutive attempts counting from the first eligible attempt of the student concerned, whichever is later. Here an available opportunity to sit for any or more or all papers of Knowledge Level examination will be considered to be an attempt irrespective of whether the student concerned actually avails the opportunity or not (i.e. whether he/she actually sits for the examination or not);
b. All the papers of Application Level must be completed within 3(three) years after the completion of Knowledge Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Knowledge Level); and
c. All the papers of Advanced Stage (Integration +Case Study) must be completed within 3(three) years after the completion of Application Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Application Level).
Old Stream Students
1. PE-I Level:
Students who: (i) have neither passed, nor got exemption from, any paper or half paper of PE-I level, or (ii) have either passed, or got exemption from, one or more full/half papers (but not all the papers) of PE-I level must complete:
a. All the relevant papers of Knowledge Level by November-December 2012 examination (inclusive);
b. All the relevant papers of Application Level within 3(three) years after the completion of Knowledge Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Knowledge Level); and
c. All the papers of Advanced Stage including Case Study within 3(three) years after the completion of Application Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Application Level).
2. PE-II Level:
Students who have passed PE-I, but: (i) have neither passed, nor got exemption from, any paper of PE-II Level, or (ii) have either passed, or got exemption from, one or more papers (but not all the papers) of PE-II Level must complete:
a. All the relevant papers of Knowledge Level by November-December 2013 examination (inclusive);
b. All the relevant papers of Application Level within 3(three) years after the completion of Knowledge Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Knowledge Level); and
c. All the papers of Advanced Stage including Case Study within 3 (three) years after the completion of Application Level (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Application Level).
3. PE-III Level:
Students who have passed PE-II, but: (i) have neither passed, nor got exemption from, any paper or half paper of PE-III Level, or (ii) have either passed, or got exemption from, one or more full/half papers (but not all the papers) of PE-III Level, and (iii) thus have not qualified as CA, must complete:
a. All the relevant papers of Knowledge Level and Application Level by May-June 2014 examination (inclusive); and
b. All the papers of Advanced Stage including Case Study within 3(three) years after the completion of Knowledge and Application Levels (i.e. in maximum six consecutive examinations after the completion of Knowledge and Application levels).
The above students will be allowed to sit for the relevant papers of both the Knowledge Level and Application Level examinations in the same session.
Note: Item No.1 will come into force immediately. Item No.2 & 3 will come into force immediately after the PE-II and PE-III level examinations are discontinued respectively.
Conversion Course
1. PE-I: Passed, or exempted from, Financial Accounting
Attend and successfully complete a conversion course on “Preparing Limited Company Accounts” (30 hours), organized by ICAB to obtain exemption from PS(K) Accounting.
2. PE-II: Passed Advanced Financial Accounting
Attend and successfully complete a conversion course on “Principal differences between IFRS and Bangladesh GAAP and most commonly applicable BAS/BFRS” (30 hours), organized by ICAB to obtain exemption from Financial Accounting.
Note: Students will be assessed by a combination of end-of-course test, attendance records and in-course test(s) by teachers. If on assessment a student does not pass, he/she will have to pass the re-sit test to be arranged within 02 months after the end-of-course test. Students who do not satisfactorily complete the course will have to sit the main paper(s) for which they were working to obtain exemption.
By order of the Council-ICAB
N I Chowdhury FCA
Secretary-ICAB
TO : ALL CA FIRMS
ALL NOTICE BOARDS OF ICAB
Tuesday, September 28, 2010
Members of the Institute of Chartered Accounts of Bangladesh (ICAB) are eligible to join the ICAEW
Members of the Institute of Chartered Accounts of Bangladesh (ICAB) are eligible to join the ICAEW. Below are details of your entry requirements and how to apply for ICAEW membership. Once you have joined the ICAEW, you will be entitled to use the designation 'ACA'.
ICAB members must pass ICAEW’s final three examinations:
Minimum entry requirements
Members of the ICAB who have obtained membership by complying with its training and examinations requirements can become a member of the ICAEW. You must maintain ICAB membership to continue to be eligible for ICAEW membership, and comply with our CPD regulations and Code of Ethics.ICAB members must pass ICAEW’s final three examinations:
- Technical Integration - Business Reporting
- Technical Integration - Business Change
- Case Study
Saturday, September 25, 2010
A good news
Bangladesh Professional is now listed with http://www.bgdportal.com/
and
You can view the listing here:
http://www.bgdportal.com/Education/Student-Association/Bangladesh-Professional-l4159.html
and
You can view the listing here:
http://www.bgdportal.com/Education/Student-Association/Bangladesh-Professional-l4159.html
Monday, September 20, 2010
ICAB's Clarification on Advertisement published on the Daily Prothom Alo dated 16 September 2010
1/1/ICAB(10)
17 September 2010
To
Honourable Council Members
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB)
Dhaka
Dear Sirs,
ICAB's Clarification on Advertisement published on the Daily Prothom
Alo dated 16 September 2010
On September 15, 2010 ICAB issued a Work Order in favour of the Daily
Prothom Alo for publication of the following Advertisement in their
daily. The daily Prothom Alo Advertisement Section duly received our
Work Order and Advertisement matter under signature and seal for
publication on 16 September 2010.
Quote
Notice
Special Coaching Classes for PE-II and PE-III examinees
This is for information of all concerned that the PE-II and PE-III
examinations will be held for the last time in Nov-Dec 2010 and
May-June 2011 respectively. The Institute has decided to provide
special coaching assistance to the examinees which will be commenced
from 30 September 2010. Students intending to attend the Special
Coaching Classes will be required to Enroll/Register their names and
deposit fee @ Tk. 5000/- per subject in the form of Pay Order/Demand
Draft drawn in favour of ICAB from any scheduled Bank of Bangladesh.
The fees are to be deposited to the Accounts Section of ICAB. The
last date for payment of fees is 23 September 2010.
For further information, please contact:
Sr. Assistant Director (Education)-ICAB
Tel: 9115340, 9117521
N I Chowdhury FCA
Secretary-ICAB
Unquote
Instead of publishing our above mentioned Advertisement, they
published a different Advertisement which was not relevant to our
supplied matter. The Prothom Alo Editor has however, regretted the
incidence and assured ICAB that the above Advertisement will be
published on September 17, 2010.
We are extremely sorry for what has happened due to inadvertence of
the Prothom Alo Advertisement section.
This is for your kind information and reference please.
NI Chowdhury FCA
Secretary-ICAB
Copy to: All Members of the Institute
17 September 2010
To
Honourable Council Members
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB)
Dhaka
Dear Sirs,
ICAB's Clarification on Advertisement published on the Daily Prothom
Alo dated 16 September 2010
On September 15, 2010 ICAB issued a Work Order in favour of the Daily
Prothom Alo for publication of the following Advertisement in their
daily. The daily Prothom Alo Advertisement Section duly received our
Work Order and Advertisement matter under signature and seal for
publication on 16 September 2010.
Quote
Notice
Special Coaching Classes for PE-II and PE-III examinees
This is for information of all concerned that the PE-II and PE-III
examinations will be held for the last time in Nov-Dec 2010 and
May-June 2011 respectively. The Institute has decided to provide
special coaching assistance to the examinees which will be commenced
from 30 September 2010. Students intending to attend the Special
Coaching Classes will be required to Enroll/Register their names and
deposit fee @ Tk. 5000/- per subject in the form of Pay Order/Demand
Draft drawn in favour of ICAB from any scheduled Bank of Bangladesh.
The fees are to be deposited to the Accounts Section of ICAB. The
last date for payment of fees is 23 September 2010.
For further information, please contact:
Sr. Assistant Director (Education)-ICAB
Tel: 9115340, 9117521
N I Chowdhury FCA
Secretary-ICAB
Unquote
Instead of publishing our above mentioned Advertisement, they
published a different Advertisement which was not relevant to our
supplied matter. The Prothom Alo Editor has however, regretted the
incidence and assured ICAB that the above Advertisement will be
published on September 17, 2010.
We are extremely sorry for what has happened due to inadvertence of
the Prothom Alo Advertisement section.
This is for your kind information and reference please.
NI Chowdhury FCA
Secretary-ICAB
Copy to: All Members of the Institute
Friday, September 10, 2010
Bangladesh Professional: Professional Links
Bangladesh Professional: Professional Links: "www.icab.org.bd/ http://www.ifac.org/ http://www.ifrs.com/ http://www.ifrs.org/ http://www.ebook.com/"
Tuesday, September 7, 2010
Bangladesh Professional: VAT
Bangladesh Professional: VAT: "Value Added Tax (i) VAT is imposed on goods and services at import stage, manufacturing, wholesale and retails levels; (ii) A unifo..."
Sunday, September 5, 2010
information aid: Economics
information aid: Economics: " What is monetary policy? What are the principle objectives of the monetary policy? Monetary policy is the attitude of the political autho..."
Saturday, September 4, 2010
Issues of monthly News Bulletin June 2010 of ICAB
• Power Development Vital for Economic Growth
• IFAC News
• An Interview with Sylvie Voghel - Chair, SMP Committee, IFAC
• Library Attendance June 2010
• Admission as Associate
• Admission as Fellow
• Permission to Start Practice
• Meetings and Programmes held in the Month of June 2010
• Member's Achievement
• News Office Bearers of UK Chapter for 2010-11
For more details visit http://www.icab.org.bd/
• IFAC News
• An Interview with Sylvie Voghel - Chair, SMP Committee, IFAC
• Library Attendance June 2010
• Admission as Associate
• Admission as Fellow
• Permission to Start Practice
• Meetings and Programmes held in the Month of June 2010
• Member's Achievement
• News Office Bearers of UK Chapter for 2010-11
For more details visit http://www.icab.org.bd/
Friday, September 3, 2010
What is SAP?
The name SAP is acronym for Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing.
SAP is an extremely complicated system where no one individual can understand all of it.
SAP runs on a fourth generation programming language language called Advance Business Application Programming (ABAP).
It have many of the features of other modern programming languages such as the familiar C, Visual Basic, and Power Builder.
SAP is an extremely complicated system where no one individual can understand all of it.
SAP runs on a fourth generation programming language language called Advance Business Application Programming (ABAP).
It have many of the features of other modern programming languages such as the familiar C, Visual Basic, and Power Builder.
Wednesday, September 1, 2010
What is ERP?
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
- is an integrated computer-based system used to manage internal and external resources, including tangible assets, financial resources, materials, and human resources. Its purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. Built on a centralized database and normally utilizing a common computing platform, ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise-wide system environment.
- is an integrated computer-based system used to manage internal and external resources, including tangible assets, financial resources, materials, and human resources. Its purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. Built on a centralized database and normally utilizing a common computing platform, ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise-wide system environment.
Tuesday, August 31, 2010
ICAB CIRCULAR
1/15/ICAB-2010
29 August 2010
CIRCULAR
This is for information of all concerned that in supersession of all
previous Circulars issued in this regard, this Circular is being
issued in the context of the Council decisions taken in its meeting
held on 05 July 2010 in respect of the ending PE-II and PE-III
Examinations as follows:
(i) As per earlier decision the May-June 2010 examinations were
scheduled to be the last PE-II examinations. After re-consideration
of all relevant factors, the Council-ICAB has decided that another
PE-II Examination will be held in November-December 2010 and the
examinees may appear in that examination for the last time. After
November-December 2010 there will be no more PE-II Examination and
the concerned examinees will have to appear in examinations under the
new Curriculum from May-June 2011 Examinations.
(ii) As per earlier decision the last PE-III examinations were
scheduled to be held in November-December 2010. After
re-consideration of all relevant factors, the Council-ICAB has
decided that the last PE-III examination will be held in May-June
2011 and after that there will be no more PE-III Examinations. The
concerned examinees will have to appear under the new Curriculum from
November-December 2011 Examinations.
By order of the Council-ICAB
N I Chowdhury FCA
Secretary-ICAB
TO : ALL CA FIRMS
NOTICE BOARDS OF ICAB
29 August 2010
CIRCULAR
This is for information of all concerned that in supersession of all
previous Circulars issued in this regard, this Circular is being
issued in the context of the Council decisions taken in its meeting
held on 05 July 2010 in respect of the ending PE-II and PE-III
Examinations as follows:
(i) As per earlier decision the May-June 2010 examinations were
scheduled to be the last PE-II examinations. After re-consideration
of all relevant factors, the Council-ICAB has decided that another
PE-II Examination will be held in November-December 2010 and the
examinees may appear in that examination for the last time. After
November-December 2010 there will be no more PE-II Examination and
the concerned examinees will have to appear in examinations under the
new Curriculum from May-June 2011 Examinations.
(ii) As per earlier decision the last PE-III examinations were
scheduled to be held in November-December 2010. After
re-consideration of all relevant factors, the Council-ICAB has
decided that the last PE-III examination will be held in May-June
2011 and after that there will be no more PE-III Examinations. The
concerned examinees will have to appear under the new Curriculum from
November-December 2011 Examinations.
By order of the Council-ICAB
N I Chowdhury FCA
Secretary-ICAB
TO : ALL CA FIRMS
NOTICE BOARDS OF ICAB
Wednesday, August 25, 2010
Consumer’s behavior
The factors affecting consumer’s behavior:
To identify the buying behavior of a customer is very difficult subject. A customer buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. The factors affecting the customer behavior are as follows with a diagram:
1. Cultural Factor:
Culture, subculture and social classes are particularly important in buying behavior.
o Culture: Culture is most fundamental determination of a person’s wants and behavior. The important characteristics of culture are it’s learned, it is shared through social institutions, and it changes with the time.
o Subculture: Each culture consists of smaller subculture that provides more specific identification and socialization for the member. Subculture includes nationalities, region, and geographical region.
o Social Class: Virtually all-human societies exhibit social stratification. Each culture has social class, which are follows.
2. Social Factors:
In additional to cultural factors a customers behaviors influence by such social factor like following:
o Reference group: A person’s reference groups consist of all the groups that have a direct and indirect influence on the person’s attitudes.
o Family: Family members constitute the most influential primary reference group. Family choice influence in buyer’s mind.
o Roles & Status: The person’s position in each group can be defined in items of role & statuses. Each role carries a status.
3. Personal factors:
Byers decision also influence personal characteristic.
o Age & Life cycle Stage: Buyer’s decision differs on their age and stage in life cycle. Their choice is related of them.
o Occupation: Customers buy product consist their occupation.
o Economic circumstance: Product choice is greatly affected by ones economic circumstance.
o Life Style: Lifestyle means the pattern of living. It also influences to buyers what he should be bought?
o Personality & Self confidence: By personality means distinguishing psychological characteristics, self-confidence. A person must buy a product with consistence his Personality and self-confidence.
4. Psychological Factors:
Buyers choice also influence by followings:
o Motivation: A motive is a need that is sufficiently pressing to dr4ive the person to act. Psychologists have developed theories of motivating.
o Perception: Perception is the process by which an individual selects organizes information input to create a meaningful picture of the world.
o Learning: It involves change in an individual’s behavior arising from experience.
o Beliefs and Attitudes: Through doing and learning people acquire beliefs and attitudes.
In fine we can say a buyer behavior greatly influence by this above portion.
Culture, subculture and social classes are particularly important in buying behavior.
o Culture: Culture is most fundamental determination of a person’s wants and behavior. The important characteristics of culture are it’s learned, it is shared through social institutions, and it changes with the time.
o Subculture: Each culture consists of smaller subculture that provides more specific identification and socialization for the member. Subculture includes nationalities, region, and geographical region.
o Social Class: Virtually all-human societies exhibit social stratification. Each culture has social class, which are follows.
2. Social Factors:
In additional to cultural factors a customers behaviors influence by such social factor like following:
o Reference group: A person’s reference groups consist of all the groups that have a direct and indirect influence on the person’s attitudes.
o Family: Family members constitute the most influential primary reference group. Family choice influence in buyer’s mind.
o Roles & Status: The person’s position in each group can be defined in items of role & statuses. Each role carries a status.
3. Personal factors:
Byers decision also influence personal characteristic.
o Age & Life cycle Stage: Buyer’s decision differs on their age and stage in life cycle. Their choice is related of them.
o Occupation: Customers buy product consist their occupation.
o Economic circumstance: Product choice is greatly affected by ones economic circumstance.
o Life Style: Lifestyle means the pattern of living. It also influences to buyers what he should be bought?
o Personality & Self confidence: By personality means distinguishing psychological characteristics, self-confidence. A person must buy a product with consistence his Personality and self-confidence.
4. Psychological Factors:
Buyers choice also influence by followings:
o Motivation: A motive is a need that is sufficiently pressing to dr4ive the person to act. Psychologists have developed theories of motivating.
o Perception: Perception is the process by which an individual selects organizes information input to create a meaningful picture of the world.
o Learning: It involves change in an individual’s behavior arising from experience.
o Beliefs and Attitudes: Through doing and learning people acquire beliefs and attitudes.
In fine we can say a buyer behavior greatly influence by this above portion.
Tuesday, August 24, 2010
Annual Report
Parts of annual report:
1. Mission /Vision Statement.
2. Brief description of Board & Management.
3. Statistical Data.
4. Notice of the Annual General Meeting.
Agenda: a. To confirm the presiding of the last Annual General Meeting.
b. To receive, consider and adopt the audited Financial Statements together with the auditors report and the directors report there on.
c. To elect directors.
d. To declare dividends.
e. To appoint auditors and fix there remularation.(Dividend raised to 7%)
f. To transact any other business with the permission of chair.
5. Chairman’s statement:
Topics:
a. Operations
b. Marketing
c. Human resources
d. Environmental control
e. Future plans
f. Dividend
g. Conclusion. (Date is very important)
6.Corporate Governance: Method of operating company.
1.Internal Financial Control.
a. Management structure
b. Financial Reporting
c. Asset management d. Functional reporting.
2.Board Committees.
a. The Board
b. Board structure and preside.
c. Others (Relation with shareholder.
3. Report of the Director: (Result of the operation)
a. Financial results and appropriations.
b. Dividend.
c. Director (Who was elected)
d. Auditors
4. Value added statements:(Economic statements)
5. Financial Information.
6. Report of the Auditors:(ISF-15) (Name address & Date)
1. Mission /Vision Statement.
2. Brief description of Board & Management.
3. Statistical Data.
4. Notice of the Annual General Meeting.
Agenda: a. To confirm the presiding of the last Annual General Meeting.
b. To receive, consider and adopt the audited Financial Statements together with the auditors report and the directors report there on.
c. To elect directors.
d. To declare dividends.
e. To appoint auditors and fix there remularation.(Dividend raised to 7%)
f. To transact any other business with the permission of chair.
5. Chairman’s statement:
Topics:
a. Operations
b. Marketing
c. Human resources
d. Environmental control
e. Future plans
f. Dividend
g. Conclusion. (Date is very important)
6.Corporate Governance: Method of operating company.
1.Internal Financial Control.
a. Management structure
b. Financial Reporting
c. Asset management d. Functional reporting.
2.Board Committees.
a. The Board
b. Board structure and preside.
c. Others (Relation with shareholder.
3. Report of the Director: (Result of the operation)
a. Financial results and appropriations.
b. Dividend.
c. Director (Who was elected)
d. Auditors
4. Value added statements:(Economic statements)
5. Financial Information.
6. Report of the Auditors:(ISF-15) (Name address & Date)
Devaluation & Its Impact on Bangladesh Export.
Introduction:
Devaluation of money can affect in any economic system & can influence total production, total income, import & export. It may be positive or negative. But everything depends on the market system and economic policy of a country. The influence of devaluation of money is closely observed in Bangladesh. To increase export every year there is devaluation of money in Bangladesh.
What is devaluation of money?
To discuss about this matter we have to know about value of goods & service, value of money & quantity of money.
Value of goods & service: The quantity of money, which spends to buy goods & service, is called value of goods & service.
Value of money : Value of money means the purchasing power of money.
Quantity of money : Quantity of money means total prevalent money or currency in an economics.
Devaluation of money: The decrease of purchasing power of money is called devaluation of money.
How it occurs?
The value of money & quantity of money are directly related between each other. When quantity of money increases thus consumer gets more money than they had before. In this circumstance consumer wanted to fulfill their demand, but the resource are limited. So, in the same way price increase in the same rate and causes devaluation of money.
It is controlled by Central Bank. In Bangladesh it is controlled by Bangladesh Bank.
Influence of devaluation of money on export:
Devaluation is causes of inflation. It mainly affect on import & export. Due to inflation price of import items are rises and in other hand foreign traders can buy more items than the past. So export increase. But export doesn’t depend on only one variable. Production quality, quantity & international relationship etc. are also affect on export. The policy of devaluation money can enhance export if another variable are remain unchanged in an economic system.
Objectives of monetary policy of Bangladesh:
Bangladesh is a progressive country. Government of Bangladesh took a liberal monetary policy to rearrange and rehabilitation the economic base after independent. For this purpose government increase the supply of money. A gentle rising monetary policy observes in Bangladesh from the first.
Devaluation of money can affect in any economic system & can influence total production, total income, import & export. It may be positive or negative. But everything depends on the market system and economic policy of a country. The influence of devaluation of money is closely observed in Bangladesh. To increase export every year there is devaluation of money in Bangladesh.
What is devaluation of money?
To discuss about this matter we have to know about value of goods & service, value of money & quantity of money.
Value of goods & service: The quantity of money, which spends to buy goods & service, is called value of goods & service.
Value of money : Value of money means the purchasing power of money.
Quantity of money : Quantity of money means total prevalent money or currency in an economics.
Devaluation of money: The decrease of purchasing power of money is called devaluation of money.
How it occurs?
The value of money & quantity of money are directly related between each other. When quantity of money increases thus consumer gets more money than they had before. In this circumstance consumer wanted to fulfill their demand, but the resource are limited. So, in the same way price increase in the same rate and causes devaluation of money.
It is controlled by Central Bank. In Bangladesh it is controlled by Bangladesh Bank.
Influence of devaluation of money on export:
Devaluation is causes of inflation. It mainly affect on import & export. Due to inflation price of import items are rises and in other hand foreign traders can buy more items than the past. So export increase. But export doesn’t depend on only one variable. Production quality, quantity & international relationship etc. are also affect on export. The policy of devaluation money can enhance export if another variable are remain unchanged in an economic system.
Objectives of monetary policy of Bangladesh:
Bangladesh is a progressive country. Government of Bangladesh took a liberal monetary policy to rearrange and rehabilitation the economic base after independent. For this purpose government increase the supply of money. A gentle rising monetary policy observes in Bangladesh from the first.
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